父母情绪社会化行为（emotion socialization be⁃haviors）是指亲子互动中，父母为提高孩子的情绪识别、理解和管理等情绪能力所做出的情绪相关的教养行为，也被称为情绪教养行为。通常可分为支持型和非支持型两类：支持型情绪社会化行为是指父母接纳并鼓励孩子表达情绪，帮助孩子有效调节和管理情绪等；非支持型情绪社会化行为包括父母忽视、责备甚至惩罚孩子的情绪表达等。作为情绪相关的教养行为，父母情绪社会化行为能直接影响儿童青少年情绪认知、情绪表达和情绪调节等多种情绪能力发展，继而影响其行为和人际适应。鉴于父母情绪社会化行为在儿童青少年情绪适应和社会适应中的关键作用，开发科学有效的测量工具对于深入系统地研究和干预这些行为显得至关重要。

父母对子女消极情绪的反应方式量表（青少年版）（COPING WITH CHILDREN'S NEGATIVE EMOTIONS SCALE-Adolescents' Perceptions of Parents，CCNES-APP）

Instructions: In the following items, please indicate on a scale from 1 (very unlikely) to 7 (very likely) the likelihood that that your father responds to you in the ways listed for each item. Please read each item carefully and respond as honestly and sincerely as you can. For each response, please circle a number from 1-7.

1-2-3-4-5-6-7，Very Unlikely-Medium-Very Likely

  1. When my parents see me becoming angry at a close friend, they usually:
    a. become uncomfortable and uneasy in dealing with my anger
    b. encourage me to express my anger
    c. talk to me to calm me down
    d. tell me not to make such a big deal out of it
    e. get angry at me for losing my temper
    f. help me think of things to do to solve the problem
  2. When I get down because I've had a bad day, my parents usually:
    a. tell me I really have nothing to be sad about
    b. try to get me to think of the good things that happened
    c. listen to me talk about my feelings
    d. become obviously uncomfortable when he sees I'm feeling down
    e. help me think of things to do to get my problem solved
    f. tell me to straighten up and stop sulking around the house
  3. When I get anxious about performing in a recital or a sporting event, my parents usually:
    a. help me think of things to do to make sure I do my best
    b. yell at me for becoming so anxious
    c. try to calm me down by helping me take my mind off things
    d. tell me not to make such a big deal out of it
    e. encourage me to talk about what is making me so anxious
    f. get anxious about dealing with my nervousness
  4. When I get angry because I can't get something I really want, my parents usually:
    a. try to make me feel better by making me laugh
    b. help me think of other ways to go about getting what I want
    c. get upset with me for becoming so angry
    d. become uncomfortable and doesn't want to deal with me
    e. tell me I'm being silly for getting so angry
    f. encourage me to talk about my angry feelings
  5. When I get sad because I've had my feelings hurt by a friend, my parents usually:
    a. get nervous dealing with my sad feelings
    b. encourage me to talk about what is bothering me
    c. try to cheer me up
    d. tell me that things aren't as bad as they seem
    e. get angry at me for not being more in control of things
    f. help me think of ways to help make the problem better
  6. When my parents see me become anxious about something at school, they usually:
    a. tell me that I'm making too big a deal out of it
    b. become nervous and uneasy in dealing with my anxiety
    c. get angry at me for not dealing with things better
    d. encourage me to talk about what is making me nervous
    e. help me think of things to do to solve the problem
    f. help comfort and soothe my anxious feelings
  7. When I get angry at a family member, my parents usually:
    a. try to help us resolve the conflict
    b. threaten to punish me
    c. tell me I'm over-reacting
    d. try to help me calm down
    e. encourage me to let my angry feelings out
    f. become very uneasy and avoids dealing with me
  8. When I get upset because I miss someone I care about, my parents usually:
    a. become nervous dealing with me and my feelings
    b. encourage me to talk about my feelings for this person
    c. try to get me to think about other things
    d. tell me that I have nothing to be upset about
    e. get upset with me for not being in control of my feelings
    f. help me think of ways to get in touch with the person I miss
  9. When I become nervous about some social situation that I have to face (such as a date or a party), my parents usually:
    a. try to calm me down by pointing out how much fun I will have
    b. give me advice about what to do in the social situation
    c. get angry at me for being so emotional
    d. prefer not to deal with my nervousness
    e. encourage me to express my feelings
    f. tell me I'm making a big deal out of nothing

SUBSCALES

  1. Distress Reactions (DR). These items reflect the degree to which adolescent perceive their parents experience distress when they express negative affect.
    Scoring: Mean of: 1A, 2D, 3F, 4D, 5A, 6B, 7F, 8A, 9D.
  2. Punitive Reactions (PR). These items reflect the degree to which adolescent perceive their parents respond with punitive reactions that decrease parental exposure or need to deal with the negative emotions of their children.
    Scoring: Mean of: 1E, 2F, 3B, 4C, 5E, 6C, 7B, 8E, 9C.
  3. Expressive Encouragement (EE). These items reflect the degree to which adolescent perceive that their parents encourage them to express negative affect or the degree to which they validate children's negative emotional states (i.e., "it's ok to feel sad.")
    Scoring: Mean of: 1B, 2C, 3E, 4F, 5B, 6D, 7E, 8B, 9E.
  4. Emotion-Focused Reactions (EFR). These items reflect the degree to which adolescent perceive that their parents respond with strategies that are designed to help their children feel better (i.e., oriented towards affecting the child's negative feelings).
    Scoring: Mean of: 1C, 2B, 3C, 4A, 5C, 6F, 7D, 8C, 9A.
  5. Problem-Focused Reactions (PFR). These items reflect the degree to which adolescent perceive that their parents help their children solve the problem that caused their distress (i.e., oriented towards helping the child solve his/her problem or coping with a stressor).
    Scoring: Mean of: 1F, 2E, 3A, 4B, 5F, 6E, 7A, 8F, 9B.
  6. Minimization Reactions (MR). These items reflect the degree to which adolescents perceive their parents minimize the seriousness of the situation or devalue their children's problem or distressful reaction.
    Scoring: Mean of: AD, 2A, 3D, 4E, 5D, 6A, 7C, 8D, 9F.

参考来源：
Fabes, R.A., & Eisenberg, N. (1998). The Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale - Adolescent Perception Parent Version: Procedures and scoring. Available from http://ccnes.org. Arizona State University. https://ccnes.org/ccnes-child-perceptions【英文官网】
蒋柳青,张航,张明明,等.父母对子女消极情绪的反应方式量表（青少年版）的本土化修订[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2024,32(02):282-288.DOI:10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2024.02.008.